Pathoanatomy

Pathoanatomy

The changes disease leaves in organs and tissues, seen by eye and under the microscope.

21 chapters, 212 topics, none written yet

The exam syllabus for Pathoanatomy, general and systemic, and the slide list for the practical exam, as arcmed’s first version had them; the chapter names are ours.

  1. Part I

    General pathology

    1. Chapter 1

      Introduction and cellular injury

      1. 1General and special pathology objectives. Basic terminology, purpose, tasks, methods.Not written yet
      2. 2Cellular injury, common causes and mechanismsNot written yet
      3. 3Reversible cell injury due to compromised ionic transfer (cellular swelling): granular degeneration, vacuolar degeneration, hydropic changeNot written yet
    2. Chapter 2

      Intracellular and extracellular accumulations

      1. 4Lipid accumulation in parenchymal and stromal cells. Lipid phagocytosis.Not written yet
      2. 5Complex lipid accumulations: lipidosisNot written yet
      3. 6Abnormal intracellular glycogen accumulations. GlycogenosesNot written yet
      4. 7Hemoglobin-derived pigment accumulations. Hemosiderosis. Types of jaundice.Not written yet
      5. 8Non-hemoglobin derived pigment accumulations: melanin, lipofuscinNot written yet
      6. 9Exogenous pigments — types, organ sitesNot written yet
      7. 10Extracellular accumulations: hyalinosis, fibrinoid swellingNot written yet
      8. 11Extracellular accumulations: amyloidosis. Types of amyloidosis, pathogenesis, microscopic & gross organ pathomorphology. Histochemical staining methodsNot written yet
      9. 12Extracellular accumulations of calcium and uric acid saltsNot written yet
      10. 13Metabolic and structural abnormalities of collagen, elastin and proteoglycans. MucopolysaccharidosesNot written yet
    3. Chapter 3

      Cell death and necrosis

      1. 14Irreversible cell injury — cell death. Types of necrosis; microscopic & gross pathomorphology. Apoptosis.Not written yet
      2. 15Ischemic necrosis — infarction. Morphogenesis. Types of infarctions — anemic, hemorrhagic. Organ sites. Microscopic & gross pathomorphologyNot written yet
      3. 16Clinico-anatomical types of necrosis: gangrene, decubitus, sequestrationNot written yet
    4. Chapter 4

      Hemodynamic disorders

      1. 17Hemorrhages — types, pathogenesis; denomination according to organ siteNot written yet
      2. 18Hemodynamic disorders. Arterial hyperemia. Venous congestion — systemic and organ-specificNot written yet
      3. 19Systemic hemodynamic disorders — peripheral tissue hypoperfusion (shock). DIC syndromeNot written yet
      4. 20Thrombosis. Pathogenesis, thrombus morphology, types. Outcome of thrombosisNot written yet
      5. 21Embolism — arterial and venous; types, sites of origin, target organsNot written yet
      6. 22Edema — types, pathogenesis and pathomorphology according to organ siteNot written yet
    5. Chapter 5

      Inflammation

      1. 23Inflammation. Definition, etiology, pathogenesis, typesNot written yet
      2. 24Inflammation. Inflammation mediatorsNot written yet
      3. 25Acute inflammation. Morphologic patterns of acute inflammation, types of inflammatory cells, tissue alterationsNot written yet
      4. 26Chronic inflammation. Etiology, types, morphologyNot written yet
      5. 27Specific inflammation in rheumatism, tuberculosis, sarcoidosis, syphilis. Histological characteristics of granulomas.Not written yet
      6. 28Specific inflammation in leprosy, typhoid enteritis, mycoses and parasitic infections. Microscopic & gross pathomorphology of organ site alterationsNot written yet
    6. Chapter 6

      Immunity, repair and adaptations

      1. 29Immunity. Types of immunity. Pathological immune reactions. PathomorphologyNot written yet
      2. 30Transplantation immunity. Rejection of tissue transplantsNot written yet
      3. 31Regeneration and repair: types of physiologic renewal and posttraumatic repair in different cells and organsNot written yet
      4. 32Regeneration and repair: wound and bone healing. Stages of the reparative process.Not written yet
      5. 33Adaptations: hypertrophy, hyperplasia and metaplasia. Microscopic & gross pathomorphologyNot written yet
      6. 34Adaptations: atrophy. Types of atrophy. Microscopic and gross pathomorphologyNot written yet
    7. Chapter 7

      Neoplasia

      1. 35Neoplasia: etiology, pathogenesis, classification and nomenclatureNot written yet
      2. 36Neoplastic growth, histogenesis and structure characteristics. Precancer. General histological features of benign, malignant; epithelial and mesenchymal tumours.Not written yet
      3. 37Connective tissue benign & malignant neoplasms. Microscopic & gross pathomorphologyNot written yet
      4. 38Benign & malignant neoplasms of smooth and striated muscle. Microscopic & gross pathomorphologyNot written yet
      5. 39Benign & malignant neoplasms of vessel wallsNot written yet
      6. 40Osteogenic sarcoma. Malignant synovioma. Anatomic sites, microscopic & gross pathomorphology.Not written yet
      7. 41Benign & malignant neoplasms originating from melanocytes. Anatomic sites, microscopic & gross pathomorphologyNot written yet
      8. 42Teratogenous neoplasms — teratomas and teratocarcinomas. Anatomic sites, microscopic & gross pathomorphologyNot written yet
    8. Chapter 8

      Congenital and genetic disorders

      1. 43Congenital anomalies. Classification. Exogenous and endogenous teratogens.Not written yet
      2. 44Gene mutations. Chromosomal syndromes and diseases. Blastopathies — double malformations.Not written yet
      3. 45Embryopathies. Cardiovascular system malformationsNot written yet
      4. 46Embryopathies. Malformations of central nervous system and limbs.Not written yet
  2. Part II

    Systemic pathology

    1. Chapter 9

      Cardiovascular system

      1. 47Atherosclerosis. Etiology, pathogenesis and general characteristics of atherosclerotic vessel alterations.Not written yet
      2. 48Atherosclerosis. Types of atherosclerotic microscopic & gross pathomorphological changes. Organ site damage in atherosclerosis. Complications.Not written yet
      3. 49Ischemic heart disease: myocardial infarction. Microscopic & gross pathomorphology. Stages, complications, outcomesNot written yet
      4. 50Chronic ischemic heart disease: pathogenesis, microscopic & gross pathomorphology; systemic and organ-specific manifestationsNot written yet
      5. 51Systemic arterial hypertension: vascular and organ-specific pathomorphological changesNot written yet
      6. 52Pulmonary hypertension. Etiology, types. Cor pulmonale. Right ventricle and pulmonary vessel microscopic & gross pathomorphologyNot written yet
      7. 53Endocarditis: classification, etiology, pathogenesis, pathomorphology. Infective endocarditis — acute and subacute formsNot written yet
      8. 54Valvular heart disease: classification, microscopic and gross pathomorphologyNot written yet
      9. 55Myocarditis: classification, pathomorphologyNot written yet
      10. 56Pericarditis: etiology. Pathomorphological typesNot written yet
      11. 57Cardiomyopathies: classification, pathomorphologyNot written yet
      12. 58Vasculitis: classification, pathomorphology. Types of aneurysmsNot written yet
      13. 59Systemic connective tissue disease. Lupus erythematosus. Polyarteritis nodosa.Not written yet
      14. 60Systemic connective tissue disease — rheumatoid arthritis, dermatomyositis, systemic sclerosis (scleroderma).Not written yet
    2. Chapter 10

      Respiratory system

      1. 61Bronchitis — acute and chronic. Bronchiolitis. PathomorphologyNot written yet
      2. 62Bronchiectasis — congenital and acquired. Bronchiectatic disease. ComplicationsNot written yet
      3. 63Lobar (croupous) pneumonia. Stages of development. Complications.Not written yet
      4. 64Lobular pneumonia. Etiology, pathogenesis and pathomorphologyNot written yet
      5. 65Interstitial and viral pneumonia. Etiology, pathogenesis, microscopic & gross pathomorphologyNot written yet
      6. 66Acute respiratory distress syndrome. Etiology, pathogenesis, pulmonary pathomorphologyNot written yet
      7. 67Pulmonary emphysema: classification, etiology, pathogenesis. Chronic obstructive diffuse emphysemaNot written yet
      8. 68Pulmonary emphysema: acute, compensatory, focal, interstitial and senile emphysemaNot written yet
      9. 69Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Clinicopathological forms. Pathomorphological changes in the lungs and heartNot written yet
      10. 70Atelectasis — types. Pathomorphology. Acute massive pulmonary collapse (post-surgical atelectasis).Not written yet
      11. 71Hypertensive pulmonary diseases. Bronchial asthma. Eosinophilic pneumonia. Allergic granulomatosis (Churg-Strauss syndrome)Not written yet
      12. 72Pneumoconioses. Etiology, pathogenesis, types, pathomorphological forms, complicationsNot written yet
      13. 73Primary tumours of the lung and pleura — benign & malignant. Histological and macroscopic formsNot written yet
    3. Chapter 11

      Gastrointestinal tract

      1. 74Diseases of esophagus: esophagitis, gastroesophageal reflux disease, achalasia, diverticulae, hiatal hernia. Esophageal tumors — benign & malignantNot written yet
      2. 75Acute and chronic gastritis — etiology, pathogenesis, types; microscopic & gross pathomorphologyNot written yet
      3. 76Gastric and duodenal peptic ulcer — etiology, pathogenesis, microscopic & gross pathomorphology, complicationsNot written yet
      4. 77Benign gastric tumors — of epithelial and mesenchymal origin. Stromal tumors — GISTNot written yet
      5. 78Gastric carcinoma: etiology and pathogenesis. Precancer. Microscopic & gross pathomorphology. Clinic-morphological methods of early diagnosticsNot written yet
      6. 79Chronic enterocolitis — types. Ulcerative colitis, Crohn disease, Whipple disease. Microscopic & gross pathomorphologyNot written yet
      7. 80Intestinal obstruction (ileus) types. Mesenteric thrombosis. ComplicationsNot written yet
      8. 81Peritonitis — etiology, pathomorphologic forms according to the types of inflammationNot written yet
      9. 82Tumors of the small intestine: epithelial/mesenchymal, neuroendocrine, lymphomasNot written yet
      10. 83Appendicitis — types according to etiology, pathogenesis and forms of inflammation. Tumors of the appendix — epithelial, neuroendocrineNot written yet
      11. 84Benign tumors and carcinoma of the colon. Etiology & pathogenesis. Microscopic & gross pathomorphology. Role of fibro colonoscopy in early diagnosticsNot written yet
      12. 85Primal and secondary (metastatic) tumors of the peritoneumNot written yet
    4. Chapter 12

      Liver, biliary tract and pancreas

      1. 86Acute and chronic viral hepatitis. Etiology & pathogenesis. Basic morphologic classification. Microscopic and gross pathomorphology.Not written yet
      2. 87Liver cirrhosis — definition, classification, progression. Microscopic & gross pathomorphologyNot written yet
      3. 88Portal hypertension — pathogenesis, vascular and organ-specific manifestations, complicationsNot written yet
      4. 89Primal hepatic carcinoma — hepatocellular/cholangiocellular. Etiology & pathogenesis. Secondary (metastatic) liver tumors. Microscopic & gross pathomorphology; differences in diagnosis.Not written yet
      5. 90Acute and chronic cholecystitis, cholangitis/cholangiohepatitis. Liver abscess. Etiology & pathogenesis. Microscopic & gross pathomorphologyNot written yet
      6. 91Cholelithiasis. Types of stones. Complications. Carcinoma of the gallbladder and extrahepatic bile ductsNot written yet
      7. 92Acute necrotizing pancreatitis, hemorrhagic pancreatitis. Chronic pancreatitis. Etiology & pathogenesis. Microscopic & gross pathomorphologyNot written yet
      8. 93Tumors of exocrine and endocrine pancreasNot written yet
    5. Chapter 13

      Kidney and urinary tract

      1. 94Primal glomerular diseases — glomerulonephritis. Etiology & pathogenesis. Classification. Microscopic & gross pathomorphology.Not written yet
      2. 95Inflammatory tubulointerstitial renal diseases — acute and chronic pyelonephritisNot written yet
      3. 96Urolithiasis. Etiology & pathogenesis. Types of stones. Clinico-morphological characteristics. ComplicationsNot written yet
      4. 97Inflammatory diseases of the urinary bladder (cystitis). Pathomorphological classification. Tumors of the kidney and urinary tract.Not written yet
    6. Chapter 14

      Blood and lymphatic system

      1. 98Primal diseases of bone marrow — hemolytic and iron deficiency anemias. Etiology, pathogenesis & pathomorphological characteristics of target organs.Not written yet
      2. 99Primal diseases of bone marrow — megaloblastic and pernicious anemias. Etiology, pathogenesis & pathomorphological characteristics of target organs.Not written yet
      3. 100Acute and chronic leukemia. Pathomorphology of target organs: bone marrow, spleen, liver, lymph nodesNot written yet
      4. 101Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and Hodgkin's disease — basic histologic types. Target organsNot written yet
      5. 102Lymphadenitis. Types of lymphadenitis according to histological characteristicsNot written yet
    7. Chapter 15

      Reproductive system and breast

      1. 103Benign prostatic hyperplasia. Prostatic carcinomaNot written yet
      2. 104Inflammatory diseases of the testis. Testicular tumors — types according to histological classification and originNot written yet
      3. 105Uterine body carcinoma. Etiology & pathogenesis. Precancer. Histological classification.Not written yet
      4. 106Precancer of the uterine cervix. Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN). Importance of early diagnostic methods — cytology, histology.Not written yet
      5. 107Carcinoma of the uterine cervix. Etiology, pathogenesis, types, microscopic & gross pathomorphologyNot written yet
      6. 108Ovarian epithelial tumors — benign & malignant. Germ cell and sex cord-stromal tumors. Classification.Not written yet
      7. 109Fibrocystic breast disease. Benign tumors: epithelial and mixedNot written yet
      8. 110Breast carcinoma. Etiology, pathogenesis, clinic-morphological types and histological variantsNot written yet
      9. 111Toxemia of pregnancy. Pathomorphological characteristics of organ-site damageNot written yet
      10. 112Postpartum uterine infection. Postpartum sepsis. Pathomorphological characteristics of organ-site damageNot written yet
    8. Chapter 16

      Endocrine system

      1. 113Pituitary gland diseases: acromegaly, hypercortisolism (Itsenko Cushing syndrome), hypopituitarism, diabetes insipidus. Etiology & pathogenesis. Organ-site pathomorphologyNot written yet
      2. 114Thyroid epithelial hyperplasia. Hypothyroidism. MyxedemaNot written yet
      3. 115Hyperthyroidism. Graves-Basedow's disease (Toxic diffuse goiter)Not written yet
      4. 116Thyroiditis — types, pathomorphologyNot written yet
      5. 117Neoplasms of the thyroid: classification, pathomorphologyNot written yet
      6. 118Hyper- and hypoparathyroidism. Etiology & pathogenesis. Organ-site alterations. Tumors of parathyroid glandsNot written yet
      7. 119Diabetes mellitus. Etiology & pathogenesis. Pathomorphology of organ-site alterations. Complications.Not written yet
      8. 120Endocrine pancreas neoplasia. Zollinger-Ellison syndromeNot written yet
      9. 121Acute and chronic suprarenal insufficiency. Etiology, pathogenesis and clinico-pathological correlations.Not written yet
      10. 122Suprarenal gland tumors — primal and secondaryNot written yet
    9. Chapter 17

      Nervous system

      1. 123Inflammatory diseases of central nervous system. Meningitis, encephalitis — types according to etiology and pathomorphologyNot written yet
      2. 124Cerebrovascular diseaseNot written yet
      3. 125Demyelinating diseases of the central nervous systemNot written yet
      4. 126Tumors of central and peripheral nervous systemNot written yet
    10. Chapter 18

      Infectious diseases

      1. 127Infectious diseases. Etiology & pathogenesis. Classification according to organ site and transmission mechanismNot written yet
      2. 128Airborne transmitted infections — influenza, measles, scarlet fever, parotitis. Organ site pathomorphologyNot written yet
      3. 129Insect vector transmitted infections — lyme disease, malaria, hemorrhagic fevers. Etiology & pathogenesis. Organ site pathomorphologyNot written yet
      4. 130Infections transmitted by direct physical contact — anthrax, tetanus, rabies. Organ site pathomorphologyNot written yet
      5. 131Gastrointestinal infections — salmonellosis, shigellosisNot written yet
      6. 132AIDS — etiology, pathogenesis, organ site damage, pathomorphological features. Complications.Not written yet
      7. 133Sepsis. Septicemia. Septicopyemia. Chroniosepsis. Organ damage characteristicsNot written yet
      8. 134Primary pulmonary tuberculosis. Primary TB complex morphology. Complications. Progressive hematogenous tuberculosis — generalised or pulmonaryNot written yet
      9. 135Secondary pulmonary tuberculosis — classification, organ site damage. Microscopic & gross pathomorphologyNot written yet
      10. 136Acquired and congenital syphilis. Etiology & pathogenesis. Stages of development. Primary syphilitic lesion. Organ site damage.Not written yet
      11. 137Tertiary syphilis. Pathomorphology of syphilitic specific inflammation (gumma). Visceral changes. Neurosyphilis.Not written yet
  3. Part III

    Slides

    1. Chapter 19

      Cell injury and death

      Cellular disorders
      1. 138Dystrophia parenchymatosa renis (parenchymatous degeneration of the kidney)Not written yet
      2. 139Steatosis hepatis (fatty liver)Not written yet
      3. 140Atheromatosis aortae (atherosclerosis of the aorta)Not written yet
      4. 141Anthracosis pulmonis (coal dust accumulation in the lungs)Not written yet
      5. 142Icterus renis (jaundice of the kidney)Not written yet
      6. 143Naevus pigmentosus (pigmented mole, melanocytic nevus)Not written yet
      7. 144Atrophia fusca hepatis (brown atrophy of the liver)Not written yet
      Diagnosis of intermediate matrix
      1. 145Hyalinosis arteriolarum renis (hyalinosis of the renal arterioles)Not written yet
      2. 146Corpus albicans ovarii (scar tissue in the ovary)Not written yet
      3. 147Amyloidosis renis (amyloid deposition in the kidney)Not written yet
      4. 148Amyloidosis lienis (amyloid deposition in the spleen)Not written yet
      Tissue and cell death
      1. 149Necrosis renis (necrosis of the kidney)Not written yet
      2. 150Necrosis myocardii (necrosis of the heart muscle)Not written yet
      3. 151Necrosis lymphonodii (necrosis of the lymph node)Not written yet
      4. 152Necrosis cerebri (necrosis of the brain)Not written yet
      Hemodynamic disorders
      1. 153Oedema pulmonis (pulmonary edema)Not written yet
      2. 154Induratio fusca pulmonis (brown induration of the lungs)Not written yet
      3. 155Cyanosis hepatis (acute hepatic congestion)Not written yet
      4. 156Hepar moschatum (nutmeg liver, chronic hepatic congestion)Not written yet
      5. 157Haemorrhagiae punctatae cerebri (punctate haemorrhages of the brain)Not written yet
      Hemodynamic disorders: thrombosis
      1. 158Trombus mixtus (mixed thrombus)Not written yet
      2. 159Trombus organisatus et recanalisatus (organized and recanalized thrombus)Not written yet
      3. 160Infarctus haemorrhagicus pulmonis (hemorrhagic pulmonary infarction)Not written yet
    2. Chapter 20

      Inflammation and compensation

      Exudative inflammation
      1. 161Pneumonia lobularis (bronchopneumonia)Not written yet
      2. 162Pneumonia lobaris (lobar pneumonia)Not written yet
      3. 163Pericarditis fibrinosa (fibrinous pericarditis)Not written yet
      4. 164Leptomeningitis purulenta (purulent meningitis)Not written yet
      5. 165Nephritis purulenta (suppurative nephritis)Not written yet
      6. 166Appendicitis phlegmonosa (phlegmonous appendicitis)Not written yet
      Proliferative inflammation, regeneration, repair
      1. 167Granulatio (granulation tissue)Not written yet
      2. 168Granuloma corporis alieni (foreign body granuloma)Not written yet
      3. 169Cirrhosis hepatis (liver cirrhosis)Not written yet
      4. 170Cicatrices myocardii (myocardial scarring)Not written yet
      Granulomatous inflammation
      1. 171TBC miliaris pulmonis (miliary tuberculosis of the lungs)Not written yet
      2. 172Mesaortitis luetica (syphilitic aortitis)Not written yet
      3. 173Leptomeningitis TBC (tuberculous meningitis)Not written yet
      Adaptation and regeneration
      1. 174Hypertrophia glandulae prostatae (prostatic hyperplasia)Not written yet
      2. 175Struma colloides (colloid goiter)Not written yet
      3. 176Mastopathia chronica fibrosa cystica (fibrocystic breast disease)Not written yet
      4. 177Emphysema pulmonis (pulmonary emphysema)Not written yet
      5. 178Hyperplasia mucosae uteri glandularis cystica (cystic endometrial hyperplasia)Not written yet
      Immunopathology
      1. 179Struma lymphomatosa (Hashimoto's thyroiditis)Not written yet
    3. Chapter 21

      Tumors

      Benign epithelial tumors
      1. 180Fibroadenoma gl. mammae (breast fibroadenoma)Not written yet
      2. 181Cystadenoma papilliferum ovarii (papillary cystadenoma of the ovary)Not written yet
      3. 182Adenoma pleomorphe gl. parotis (pleomorphic adenoma)Not written yet
      4. 183Papilloma planocellulare linguae (squamous cell papilloma of the tongue)Not written yet
      Malignant epithelial tumors (1)
      1. 184Carcinoma planocellulare keratodes (squamous cell carcinoma)Not written yet
      2. 185Carcinoma basocellulare (basal cell carcinoma)Not written yet
      3. 186Adenocarcinoma ventriculi (gastric adenocarcinoma)Not written yet
      4. 187Adenocarcinoma uteri (endometrial adenocarcinoma)Not written yet
      5. 188Carcinoma gelatinosum (mucinous carcinoma)Not written yet
      Malignant epithelial tumors (2)
      1. 189Carcinoma renis (renal cell carcinoma)Not written yet
      2. 190Carcinoma hepatocellulare (hepatocellular carcinoma)Not written yet
      3. 191Seminoma testis (testicular seminoma)Not written yet
      4. 192Chorioncarcinoma (choriocarcinoma)Not written yet
      5. 193Carcinoma papillare gl. thyreoideae (papillary thyroid carcinoma)Not written yet
      Malignant epithelial tumors (3) and metastases
      1. 194Carcinoma lobulare invasivum mammae (invasive lobular breast cancer)Not written yet
      2. 195Carcinoma ductale invasivum mammae (invasive ductal breast cancer)Not written yet
      3. 196Metastases carcinomatosae lymphonodi (lymph node metastases)Not written yet
      Mesenchymal tumors (1)
      1. 197Lipoma (benign fatty tumor)Not written yet
      2. 198Liposarcoma (malignant fatty tumor)Not written yet
      3. 199Leiomyoma uteri (uterine leiomyoma)Not written yet
      4. 200Leiomyosarcoma (malignant smooth muscle tumor)Not written yet
      5. 201Dermatofibroma (skin fibrous nodule)Not written yet
      Mesenchymal tumors (2)
      1. 202Chondroma (benign cartilage tumor)Not written yet
      2. 203Haemangioma cavernosum hepatis (cavernous hemangioma of the liver)Not written yet
      3. 204Sarcoma osteogenes (osteosarcoma)Not written yet
      4. 205Teratoma ovarii (mature cystic teratoma of the ovary, dermoid cyst)Not written yet
      Tumors of nervous system and melanocytic lesions
      1. 206Glioblastoma multiformeNot written yet
      2. 207MeningiomaNot written yet
      3. 208Neurinoma (schwannoma)Not written yet
      4. 209Melanoma malignum (malignant melanoma)Not written yet
      Malignancy of the myeloid and lymphoid tissues
      1. 210Leucosis myelogenes chronica (chronic myeloid leukemia, CML)Not written yet
      2. 211Leucosis lymphogenes chronica (chronic lymphocytic leukemia, CLL)Not written yet
      3. 212Morbus Hodgkin (Hodgkin lymphoma)Not written yet