Antiviral drugs
Antiviral drugs
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See on the mapPneumonia
Oseltamivir for influenza.
- Antibiotics: classification; mechanisms, type and spectrum of action. Principles of the rational antibiotic therapy and prophylaxisAntimicrobials and chemotherapeuticsTreat first by the likely germ, then narrow once it is known.
- PenicillinsAntimicrobials and chemotherapeuticsAmoxicillin for most pneumonia caught in the community.
- Macrolides and ketolides (50S inhibitors)Antimicrobials and chemotherapeuticsClarithromycin or azithromycin add cover for atypical bacteria.
- QuinolonesAntimicrobials and chemotherapeuticsLevofloxacin and moxifloxacin, the respiratory quinolones, are kept for when first choices can’t be used.
- SulfonamidesAntimicrobials and chemotherapeuticsCo-trimoxazole treats Pneumocystis pneumonia in immunocompromised patients.
- Bacterial community – acquired pneumoniaInternal medicineStreptococcus pneumoniae is the commonest cause.
- Nonbacterial community – acquired pneumoniaInternal medicineViruses such as influenza and SARS-CoV-2.
- Hospital – acquired pneumonia and pneumonia in immunocompromised patientsInternal medicineStarts 48 hours or more after admission; gram-negatives and S. aureus are common causes, some resistant.
- Treatment of pneumoniasInternal medicineChoosing the antibiotic by severity and setting.
DNA replication
Aciclovir, a nucleoside analogue, stops herpesvirus DNA polymerase.
- DNA replicationBiologyThe replication fork and its enzymes.
- DNA replicationBiochemistryNot written yetThe same process, in more chemical detail.
- DNA repairBiologyHow copying errors and damage are mended.
- QuinolonesAntimicrobials and chemotherapeuticsBlock bacterial topoisomerases: DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV.
- Antitumor chemotherapeuticalsAntimicrobials and chemotherapeuticsNot written yetMany cytotoxic drugs damage DNA or stop it being copied, so they hit dividing cells hardest.
Reverse transcription
Reverse transcriptase inhibitors such as tenofovir, a nucleotide analogue, block it.
- RNA replication. Reverse transcriptionBiologyRNA replication and reverse transcription.
- Chronic viral hepatitisInternal medicineNot written yetHepatitis B copies itself through an RNA intermediate, so tenofovir and entecavir suppress it.