Physical medicine and rehabilitation

Physical medicine and rehabilitation

Treating with currents, fields, heat, light, sound and movement, and helping patients get back the function an illness or injury took.

7 chapters, 33 topics

The exam syllabus for Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, topics 1 to 33; the chapters and the groups in Electrotherapy are ours, in its order.

  1. Chapter 1

    Electrotherapy

    1. 1Essentials of electricity and electrotherapy. Biophysical principles of the interaction between electrical current and biological tissues. Basic electrical quantities and parameters. Physiological and therapeutic effects

    Direct current

    1. 2Direct current and galvanization. Physical characteristics and biological effects. Techniques and methods of application. Dosage, indications, contraindications, and safety considerations
    2. 3Iontophoresis. Physical and biophysical principles. Selection of polarity and pharmacological agents. Application techniques, dosage, indications, contraindications, and safety considerations

    Low-frequency currents

    1. 4Low-frequency pulsed currents. Classification, parameters, physiological and therapeutic effects. Application methods, dosage, indications, and contraindications
    2. 5Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) and functional electrical stimulation (FES). Physiological principles, stimulation parameters, therapeutic goals, and clinical applications
    3. 6Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS). Mechanisms of analgesic action, principal stimulation modes and parameters, therapeutic parameters, dosage, indications, and contraindications
    4. 7Essentials of electrodiagnosis. Assessment of neuromuscular excitability. Role in diagnosis, prognosis, and rehabilitation planning

    Medium-frequency currents

    1. 8Medium-frequency currents. Physical characteristics, physiological and therapeutic effects. Dosage, indications, contraindications, and safety considerations
    2. 9Interferential current therapy. Biophysical principles, application methods and techniques. Selection of therapeutic parameters, dosage, and clinical applications
    3. 10Sinusoidally modulated currents (SMC). Characteristics, physiological effects, application methods, dosage, indications, and contraindications
  2. Chapter 2

    High-frequency currents and magnetic fields

    1. 11High-frequency electromagnetic modalities. Biophysical principles and interactions with biological tissues
    2. 12Shortwave and microwave diathermy. Physical characteristics, application techniques, dosage, therapeutic effects, indications, contraindications, and safety considerations
    3. 13Magnetotherapy. Low- and high-frequency magnetic fields. Biological and therapeutic effects, application methods, dosage, indications, and contraindications
  3. Chapter 3

    Sound, light and air

    1. 14Therapeutic ultrasound. Physical characteristics and biological mechanisms. Continuous and pulsed modes. Application techniques, dosage, indications, contraindications, and safety considerations
    2. 15Extracorporeal shock wave therapy (ESWT). Physical and biological mechanisms. Types of shock waves. Therapeutic parameters, indications, contraindications, and safety considerations
    3. 16Ultraviolet and infrared radiation therapy. Physical characteristics, biological and therapeutic effects. Application methods, dosage, indications, contraindications, and safety considerations
    4. 17Laser therapy and photobiomodulation. Physical principles, mechanisms of action, therapeutic parameters, dosage, indications, contraindications, and safety considerations
    5. 18Aerosol therapy and aeroion therapy. Physical and physiological principles, methods of application, indications, and contraindications
  4. Chapter 4

    Kinesiotherapy

    1. 19Kinesiotherapy: physiological foundations and principles. Effects of therapeutic exercise on major organ systems. Principles of exercise prescription and dosage
    2. 20Active and active-assisted kinesiotherapy. Therapeutic exercises for mobility, muscle strength, and endurance. Principles of progression and dosage
    3. 21Therapeutic exercises for balance, coordination, and functional mobility. Basic principles, methods, and clinical applications
    4. 22Passive kinesiotherapy. Passive exercises, positioning, mobilization, and stretching. Indications, contraindications, and application techniques
    5. 23Post-isometric relaxation and fundamentals of manual therapy. Physiological principles, basic techniques, indications, contraindications, and safety considerations
  5. Chapter 5

    Functional assessment and musculoskeletal rehabilitation

    1. 24Functional assessment in Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine. Assessment of functional impairment and activity limitations. Rehabilitation potential and prognosis. Formulation of short- and long-term rehabilitation goals
    2. 25PRM interventions for fractures and traumatic conditions. Functional assessment, rehabilitation goals, physical modalities, and kinesiotherapy. Prevention of complications
    3. 26PRM interventions for muscle, tendon, and other soft-tissue injuries. Functional assessment, therapeutic goals, and development of an individualized rehabilitation program
    4. 27PRM interventions for osteoarthritis and inflammatory arthropathies. Functional assessment, physical modalities, kinesiotherapy, patient education, and prevention of functional decline
    5. 28PRM interventions in total hip and knee arthroplasty. Preoperative preparation, early and subsequent postoperative rehabilitation. Functional assessment and prevention of complications
  6. Chapter 6

    Neurorehabilitation

    1. 29Neurorehabilitation after stroke. Functional assessment, rehabilitation goals, motor recovery, prevention of secondary complications, and a multidisciplinary approach
    2. 30Neurorehabilitation in Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, and peripheral nervous system disorders. Functional assessment, major rehabilitation problems, and PRM interventions
    3. 31PRM interventions for disorders of the spine and spinal cord. Degenerative spinal disorders, intervertebral disc disease, disc herniation, and radiculopathies. Spinal cord injuries. Functional assessment, prevention of secondary complications, and comprehensive rehabilitation
  7. Chapter 7

    Rehabilitation in medical and surgical conditions

    1. 32PRM interventions in surgical and systemic diseases. Preoperative preparation and early postoperative rehabilitation. Prevention of complications associated with immobilization and surgery. PRM interventions in endocrine, gastrointestinal, renal, and gynecological disorders. Interdisciplinary approach and individualization of the rehabilitation program
    2. 33Cardiopulmonary, oncological, and pediatric rehabilitation. Cardiac rehabilitation: phases, functional assessment, risk stratification, exercise prescription, and training models. Pulmonary rehabilitation. PRM interventions in patients with cancer. PRM interventions for post-COVID condition and post-infectious functional impairments. Basic principles of PRM in pediatric patients